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These latter include mutual funds, pension funds, wealth managers, and stock brokers, typically servicing retail investors (private individuals). The investment banks find the initial investors and facilitate the listing of the securities, typically shares and bonds.Īdditionally, they facilitate the securities exchanges, which allow their trade thereafter, as well as the various service providers which manage the performance or risk of these investments. The financial intermediaries here are the investment banks. Stocks are usually sold by corporations to investors so as to raise required capital in the form of ' equity financing', as distinct from the debt financing described above. Investing typically entails the purchase of stock, either individual securities, or via a mutual fund for example. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. Ī bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan. The lending is often indirect, through a financial intermediary such as a bank, or via the purchase of notes or bonds ( corporate bonds, government bonds, or mutual bonds) in the bond market. The owners of both bonds and stock may be institutional investors – financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds – or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors see Financial market participants. (ii) by a corporation selling equity, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms: preferred stock or common stock). (i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling government or corporate bonds Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: In general, an entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to operate. Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. 'Finance' thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. See also: Financial services, financial market, and Circular flow of incomeĪs above, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households ( personal finance), governments ( public finance), and businesses ( corporate finance). įinance is today also widely studied through career-focused undergraduate and master's level programs. (The first academic journal, The Journal of Finance, began publication in 1946.) The earliest doctoral programs in finance were established in the 1960s and 1970s. In the middle of the 20th century, finance emerged as a distinct academic discipline, separate from economics. In the late 19th century, the global financial system was formed. Ancient and medieval civilizations incorporated basic functions of finance, such as banking, trading and accounting, into their economies. The early history of finance parallels the early history of money, which is prehistoric. These fields are the foundation of business and accounting. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as mathematical finance, financial law, financial economics, financial engineering and financial technology. In some cases, theories in finance can be tested using the scientific method, covered by experimental finance. Financial analysis is the viability, stability, and profitability assessment of an action or entity. Asset, money, risk and investment management aim to maximize value and minimize volatility. In practice, risks are always present in any financial action and entities.Ī broad range of subfields within finance exists due to its wide scope. Assets can also be banked, invested, and insured to maximize value and minimize loss. In a financial system, assets are bought, sold, or traded as financial instruments, such as currencies, loans, bonds, shares, stocks, options, futures, etc. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, which is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of financial economics bridges the two).įinance activities take place in financial systems at various scopes, thus the field can be roughly divided into personal, corporate, and public finance.

Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.

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